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How does LL-37 work in research models?
LL-37 is an antimicrobial host-defense peptide researched for innate immune signaling, bacterial-membrane interaction, wound-healing biology, and inflammatory pathway modulation. It requires formulation caution due to sensitivity and irritation potential.
What is the half-life of LL-37?
Half-life: Short acting.
Human pharmacokinetics are not standardized. Treat exposure as short acting unless compound-specific data or formal formulation labeling indicates otherwise.
Research dosing reference
50-400 mcg daily; conservative exposure preferred due to irritation potential.
Dose interpretation (U-100 units)
| Target dose | U-100 units |
|---|---|
| 50 mcg | 2 units |
| 100 mcg | 4 units |
| 400 mcg | 16 units |
Units are concentration-specific - confirm against your actual reconstitution volume.
How is LL-37 reconstituted?
| Vial | Preferred reconstitution | Final concentration |
|---|---|---|
| 5 mg | 2 mL sterile AA water or DMSO-compatible solvent depending on formulation; verify compatibility | 0.025 mg/unit |
Injection timing
Daily or protocol-specific timing; first exposures should be conservative and monitored closely for irritation.
Beginner escalation
Start very low and increase only if local and systemic tolerance are acceptable.
Side-effect mitigation
Injection irritation, burning, flushing, inflammatory response, or fatigue may occur. Site rotation and compatible solvent selection matter.
Stack compatibility
Use caution stacking with immune-active peptides. Pairing should be intentionally structured and not simultaneous with multiple new immune modulators.
Storage & stability
Use solvent appropriate to formulation. Refrigerate after reconstitution, protect from heat/light, and avoid repeated temperature cycling.
Protocol duration & reassessment
Short-course, tightly controlled protocols are preferred. Reassess immune/inflammatory response before repeating or extending, especially with irritating or immune-active peptides.
Frequently asked questions
What is LL-37 and how is it studied?
LL-37 is an antimicrobial host-defense peptide researched for innate immune signaling, bacterial-membrane interaction, wound-healing biology, and inflammatory pathway modulation. It requires formulation caution due to sensitivity and irritation potential. LL-37 is catalogued in the Recovery / Regenerative group of this reference and is studied in laboratory and in-vitro models only.
What is known about the half-life of LL-37?
Reference half-life for LL-37: short acting. Human pharmacokinetics are not standardized. Treat exposure as short acting unless compound-specific data or formal formulation labeling indicates otherwise. Published pharmacokinetic figures come from research and clinical-literature contexts and are listed here as reference values for laboratory work only, not as guidance for any person or animal.
How is LL-37 stored?
Use solvent appropriate to formulation. Refrigerate after reconstitution, protect from heat/light, and avoid repeated temperature cycling. Lyophilized research peptides are generally kept cold, dry, and away from light, and reconstituted solutions are labeled with concentration and date. Follow the storage conditions documented for the specific lot you receive.
How is LL-37 reconstituted for laboratory work?
The reference reconstitution for the 5 mg vial is 2 mL sterile AA water or DMSO-compatible solvent depending on formulation; verify compatibility, which gives a concentration of about 2.5 mg/mL. Concentration equals peptide mass divided by diluent volume, so adding more liquid lowers the concentration. Add diluent slowly down the vial wall, swirl rather than shake, and confirm the arithmetic before preparing any research solution.
Is LL-37 FDA approved?
No. The research-grade LL-37 described here is an investigational, research-use-only material and is not an FDA-approved drug product. Where an approved pharmaceutical form of a compound exists, it is a separate prescription product. This reference is not medical advice, and the material is not for human or animal consumption.
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External references: Peptide (Wikipedia) · U.S. Food and Drug Administration